客体工作记忆对注意的导向作用：抑制动机的影响

心理健康教育

摘要 通过两个实验验证了客体工作记忆内容对注意的导向过程是灵活可控的; 与客体工作记忆内容匹配的刺激既可以捕获注意, 也可以被抑制。实验1通过操作匹配试验概率来诱发不同水平的抑制动机, 考察在客体工作记忆内容对注意的导向作用中抑制动机的影响。匹配试验中有分心物与客体工作记忆内容相同。控制试验中所有搜索项目均与客体工作记忆内容不同。实验2保持实际匹配试验概率恒定, 仅通过改变指导语来调节抑制动机水平, 以排除练习的干扰。两实验结果均表明, 当抑制动机水平较低时, 匹配分心物会捕获注意; 而当抑制动机水平足够高时, 匹配分心物会被抑制。并且, 抑制动机水平的高低还会影响认知控制的效应量和时程。

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李毕琴

关键词： 客体工作记忆内容   注意   抑制动机

Abstract：Although items matching the contents of visual object working memory (VOWM) could automatically capture attention, whether it is obligatory remains an opening question. With two experiments, we aimed to investigate whether this guidance effect could be affected by top-down inhibitory control. The participants were instructed to remember a visual object item for a change-detection test after a short delay. During the retention interval, the participants were required to seek a target stimulus among five distractors. One of the crucial manipulations was the presence or absence of distractors in the search array matching the memory items. In Experiment 1, we varied the proportion of matching trials across different experimental groups to induce different levels of inhibition incentive. As the memory item would never match the search target, it’s highly likely that the participants would draw attention away from the memory-matching distractors. And this effect would be more pronounced in the condition of high inhibition incentive. In Experiment 2, we instructed different proportions of matching trials to different groups while keeping the actual proportion constant across groups to further ruled out the interference of practice. The main results showed, when the level of inhibition incentive was relatively low, search RTs were shorter in matching trials in comparison of that in control trials, demonstrating a classical memory-based attention capture effect by the memory-matching distractors. However, when the level of inhibition incentive was high enough, search RTs were faster in matching trials, suggesting a memory-based attention inhibition effect by the top-down control. Furthermore, the effects of the top-down inhibitory control were more in evidence and appeared earlier, when the inhibition incentive was extremely high. The results, thus, demonstrates: 1) the VOWM guidance effect is not obligatory. Instead, it’s a flexible mechanism that could be modulated by the top-down inhibitory control. And 2) this top-down control can be modulated by the level of inhibition incentive in terms of its effectiveness, efficiency and time course.

Key words： object working memory           attention           inhibition incentive

收稿日期: 2011-12-05;

基金资助:中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助(11SSXT106); 高等学校博士学科点专项科研基金博导类资助课题(20110043110012)。

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